Figure 4

TRAFs in signaling by NOD1 and NOD2. Upon DAP engagement, NOD1 recruits TRAF2, TRAF5, TRAF6 and TRAF3 via RIP2. TRAF2, 5 and 6 mediate NOD1-induced activation of NF-κB1 and MAPKs, while TRAF3 mediates NOD1-induced activation of IRF7. In response to MDP binding, NOD2 also recruits TRAF2, 5 and 6 via RIP2, and thus induces activation of NF-κB1 and MAPKs. When engaged by viral ssRNA, NOD2 binds to MAVS on mitochondria and induces IRF3 activation and Type I IFN production, which is likely mediated by TRAF3.