From: Multiple functions of G protein-coupled receptor kinases
GRK isoform | Binding partner | Function | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
GRK2 | Gαq | Regulation of Gαq signaling | |
 | mGluR1 | Regulation of G protein signaling in a phosphorylation-independent manner | [29] |
 | Gβγ | Regulation of Gβγ-stimulated signaling | [31] |
 | PDGFRβ | Phosphorylation of PDGFRβ by GRK2 reduces PDGFRβ signaling | |
 | HDAC6 | GRK2 associates with and phosphorylates HDAC6 to enhance α-tubulin deacetylase activity and cell motility | [81] |
 | Akt | Interaction of GRK2 with Akt inhibits Akt activity | [82] |
 | p38 | Phosphorylation of p38 by GRK2 impairs MKK6-induced p38 activation | [88] |
 | APC | Interaction of GRK2 with APC inhibits canonical Wnt signaling | [89] |
 | GIT1 | Interaction between GRK2 and GIT1 is important for GRK2-mediated cell motility | [90] |
 | CDK2 | Phosphorylation of GRK2 by CDK2 is important for cell cycle progression | [91] |
 | MEK | GRK2 negatively regulates CC chemokine ligand 2-induced ERK activation by the interaction with MEK | [93] |
 | IRS-1 | Phosphorylation of IRS-1 by GRK2 mediates endothelin-1-induced insulin resistance | [94] |
 | clathrin | Interaction of GRK2 with clathrin promotes GPCR internalization | [95] |
 | PI3K | Translocation of PI3K to the plasma membrane is involved in GPCR internalization | [96] |
 | HSP90 | Interaction of GRK2 with HSP90 at the mitochondria promotes pro-death signaling after ischemic injury | [100] |
GRK5 | β-arrestin1 | Phosphorylation of β-arrestin1 by GRK5 down-regulates G protein-independent signaling | [80] |
 | HDAC5 | Phosphorylation of HDAC5 promotes maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy | [83] |
 | p105 | Interaction with p105 results in inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced ERK activation | [84] |
 | IκBα | Regulation of NF-κB signaling | |
 | γ-tubulin centrin pericentrin | Co-localization of GRK5 with γ-tubulin, centrin, and pericentrin is important for regulation of microtubule nucleation and cell cycle progression | [92] |
 | p53 | Phosphorylation of p53 by GRK5 inhibits DNA damage-induced apoptosis | [106] |
 | raptor | Grk5l, which is the closest homolog of GRK5 in zebrafish, interacts with raptor, and regulates mTOR signaling | [108] |
GRK6 | GIT1 | GRK6 cooperates with GIT1 to enhance Rac1 activity, and promotes engulfment of apoptotic cells | [43] |