Table 1 GPCR-mediated activation of signalling pathways leading to cell cycle modulation

GPCR

G _i/o -coupled

   α₁-adrenergic

↑DNA synthesis

[15]

↑Src/C3G/Rap-1/B-Raf/ERK

↑Proliferation

[77]

   Adenosine A₃

↑PI3K/Akt/↓ERK

↓Proliferation

[98]

   CXCR1/2

↑MMP/EGFR/ERK

↑Proliferation

[40]

   CXCR3

↑ERK, ↑p38

↑DNA synthesis

[99]

   CXCR4

↑Pyk2/PI3K/ERK

↑DNA synthesis

[71]

   Dopamine D₂

↑PKC/NF-κB

↑p21^Cip1, ↑p27^Kip1

[60]

↑Src/C3G/Rap-1/B-Raf/ERK

↑Proliferation

[77]

   Dopamine D₄

↑Src/SHC/Ras/ERK

↑DNA synthesis

[78]

   Sphingosine 1-phosphate EDG-1

↑p70^rsk

↑Cyclin D1

[96]

↑PDGFβ/ERK

↑Proliferation

[100]

   κ-opioid

↑PLC/PKC/Ras/ERK

↑DNA synthesis

[16]

   Lysophosphatidic acid LPA

↑DNA synthesis

[17]

   Melatonin MT₁

↓ERα/glucocorticoid receptor

↓Cyclin D1

[12, 13]

   Serotonin 5HT_1E

↑Src/C3G/Rap-1/B-Raf/ERK

↑Proliferation

[77]

   Somatostatin SST_1/4/5

↑ERK

↑p21^Cip1, ↑p27^Kip1

[50]

   Somatostatin SST₂

↑PI3K/Ras/Rap-1/B-Raf/ERK

↑p27^Kip1

[90]

   Somatostatin SST_2a

↑p38

↑p21^Cip1

[91]

   Somatostatin SST_2b

↑PI3K/p70^rsk/Akt

↑Proliferation

[91]

G _s -coupled

   Dopamine D₁

↑PLCβ/↓Raf-1

↓Cyclin D1/↑p27^Kip1

[101]

   Glucagon-like peptide GLP-1

EGFR/PI3K

↑Proliferation

[42]

   Glucagon-like peptide GLP-2

↑DNA synthesis

[18]

   GPR30

↑PKA/CREB

↑Cyclin D2/CDK4-6 complex formation

[27, 28]

   Lysophosphatidic acid LPA

↑Proliferation

[19]

   Melanocortin MC₅

↑JAK/STAT

↑Proliferation

[82]

   Parathyroid PTH

↑cAMP/PKA

↑p27^Kip1

[7, 22]

↑cAMP/Epac/Rap-1/B-Raf/ERK

↑Proliferation

[51]

↑cAMP/↑PKA/↓Raf-1

↓Proliferation

[51]

↑MKP-1/↓ERK

↓Cyclin D1, ↑p21^Cip1

[52]

   Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH

↑cAMP/CREB/c-Fos

↑DNA synthesis, ↑Cyclins D1/E

[14, 23-25]

↑PKA/Ras/PI3K

↑DNA synthesis

[102]

G _q -coupled

   α_1B-adrenergic

↑PKC/Raf-1/ERK

↑Proliferation

[34]

↑JNK, ↑p38

↓Proliferation

[55]

↑Src/Dbs/cdc42/MKK4/JNK

↓Proliferation

[76]

↑Ras/Rac/JAK/STAT

↑Proliferation

[81]

   Angiotensin II

↑MMP/EGFR/ERK

↑Cyclin D1

[39]

↑Ras/ERK/c-Fos/c-Jun

↑Cyclin D1, ↑pRB phosphorylation

[48]

↑p125FAK/Rac1/JNK

↑Proliferation

[67]

   Bombesin

↑MMP/EGFR/PI3K

↑Cyclins D1/E

[41]

↑PKD

↑Proliferation

[58]

   Bradykinin

↑MMP/EGFR/PI3K

↑Cyclins D1/E

[41]

   Endothelin

↑MMP/EGFR/ERK

↑DNA synthesis

[39]

↑PLCβ/Ca²⁺/Src/ERK

↑Proliferation

[74]

↑Src/Rho/p125FAK/paxillin

↑DNA synthesis

[70]

↑Pyk2/ERK

↑DNA synthesis

[70]

   Gastrin-activated CCK2

↑Rho/integrin/p125FAK/paxillin

↑Proliferation

[68,69]

↑PKC/Src/p38

↑Proliferation

[75]

↑JAK/STAT

↑Proliferation

[80]

   Lysophosphatidic acid LPA

↑MMP/EGFR/ERK

↑cyclin D1

[39]

   Muscarinic M₁

↑PKC/Raf-1/ERK

↑Proliferation

[34]

   Muscarinic M₃

↑JNK/c-Jun/SP-1

↓DNA synthesis, ↑p21^Cip1/CDK2, ↓pRb phosphorylation

[56]

   Muscarinic M₅

↑Ras/Rac/JAK/STAT

↑Proliferation

[81]

   Muscarinic subtypes

↑Src/ERK/CREB

↑DNA synthesis

[103]

   Platelet-Activating Factor receptor

↑MMP/EGFR/ERK

↑Proliferation

[104]

   Purinergic P2Y_2/4

↑PKC/Raf/MAPK

↑DNA synthesis

[49]

   Substance P (NK-1)

↑Src/PKCδ/ERK

↑Proliferation

[72]

   Thrombin

↑MMP/EGFR/ERK

↑DNA synthesis

[39]

↑RhoA/PI3K/Akt

↓p27^Kip1, ↑Cyclin D1/CDK4

[92-94]

↑ERK

↑CDK2 nuclear translocation

[95]

↑PI3K/Akt,

   Vasopressin V_1A

↑PKD

↑Proliferation

[58]

↑Ca²⁺/PI3K/PKC/ERK

↑G1-S phase

[105]

↑EGFR/Pyk2/Src/ERK/PI3K

↑Proliferation

[106]

G _12/13 -coupled

   Lysophosphatidic acid LPA

↑DNA synthesis, ↑Proliferation

[20]

↑EGFR/Rho/ROCK

↑Cyclins A/D1, ↑p21^Cip1, ↓p27^Kip1

[43,45]

↑JNK

↑Cyclin A

[20,54]